Can Therapy Help With CPTSD Treatment? Options, Timelines, and What to Expect

Yes, overall therapy can support with healing through complex trauma and CPTSD. Many people feel an alleviation from symptoms through paced, phased work. Results and timelines of growth vary from person to person.

When Trauma Is Ongoing or Repeated: What “Complex” Can Mean

Complex trauma usually refers to stress that is repeated, long-lasting, or hard to escape often within close relationships. Instead of one single event, it may involve months or years of being hurt, controlled, neglected, or constantly in survival mode. Over time, this kind of long-term stress can shape how your brain and body learn to stay safe.

PTSD and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) can look similar in some ways. Both may include unwanted memories or flashbacks, avoiding reminders of traumatic events, and feeling jumpy or on guard. CPTSD often comes with added challenges around self-worth, managing emotions, and feeling safe with other people. That’s one reason complex trauma therapy often focuses on skills and support before going deep into painful memories.

Individuals often notice signs like:

• Strong emotional swings, or feeling numb and “shut down”.
• Shame, harsh self-criticism, or feeling “broken”.
• People-pleasing, fear of conflict, or sudden anger.
• Sleep problems, chronic anxiety, or always scanning for danger.
• Dissociation, feeling spaced out, unreal, or disconnected from your body.
• Feeling “stuck,” even when life looks okay on the outside.

Childhood experiences can also show up later as triggers (small reminders that set off big reactions), body symptoms, trouble trusting, or repeating patterns at work or in relationships. This is common in childhood trauma healing and doesn’t mean you’re weak or broken. It just means your system adapted to survive.

It’s also normal to feel unsure about getting help. A few common hesitations to seeking out treat can include worrying you’ll be judged, wondering if “it counts” as trauma, or fearing therapy will make things worse. If you’re in immediate danger or thinking about self-harm, call your local emergency number. If you’re in the U.S., you can call or text 988; outside the U.S., look up your country’s crisis line through IASP or local health services.

Can Therapy Help? What Healing Often Looks Like in Real Life

Yes, many people do improve with Complex Trauma Therapy. But healing from long-term trauma is rarely a straight line. You might have a few calmer weeks and then hit a rough patch. That doesn’t mean you’re doing it wrong. Often it means you’re practicing new ways to cope, and old triggers are getting stirred up along the way.

Growth may look like:

• Fewer or less intense triggers (or you recover faster after one)
• Better sleep and fewer nightmares
• Less shame and self-blame
• Stronger boundaries and less people-pleasing
• More stable relationships and less fear of conflict
• Feeling more present in your body instead of numb or “checked out”

Therapy doesn’t erase what happened. Good complex trauma therapy can change how the past lives in your mind and body-so memories feel less like they’re happening right now, and more like something that happened back then.

Why does CPTSD treatment take time? Complex trauma often involves patterns built over years: a nervous system that stays on alert, attachment injuries (wounds from unsafe or unreliable relationships), and learned survival strategies like dissociation, shutting down, or staying hyper-aware. These responses once helped you get through, but they may now hold you back.

Signs therapy is working can include more choice:

• A pause before reacting
• More self-compassion
• Clearer needs
• Reduced dissociation,
• Improved day-to-day functioning.

Sometimes therapy can feel worse before it feels better especially when you start processing about painful experiences. That’s why pacing and stabilization skills matter.

If you are regressing, bring it up. Review goals, adjust the approach, consider other trauma treatment options or a different therapist, and check practical barriers like poor sleep, substance use, or an unsafe environment that keeps your nervous system on high alert.

How CPTSD Treatment Is Often Structured: Safety, Processing, and Rebuilding

Many therapists use a phase-based approach for CPTSD treatment. It isn’t a rigid checklist, and you may move back and forth between phases. Still, it can be reassuring to know why your therapist might not ask you to share every detail right away. The aim is healing in manageable doses and not pushing you into overwhelm.

Phase 1: Stabilization (building safety and skills)

In this phase, Complex Trauma Therapy often focuses on helping you feel more steady day to day. You might work on:

• Reducing crises (i.e., panic, shutdown, self-harm urges, and substance use).
• Improving sleep and daily routines.
• Grounding skills : ways to come back to the present when you feel flooded.
• Emotion regulation: naming feelings, calming your body, stopping spirals.
• A safety plan for triggers and hard moments.
• Strengthening support (i.e., safe people, groups, community resources).

Phase 2: Processing (working with trauma memories safely)

When you have enough stability, you may begin processing. This can include working with memories, body reactions, and triggers in a controlled way often using specific trauma methods. The focus isn’t only “what happened,” but also what you learned about yourself (shame, blame, danger), and how those beliefs still affect you. For many people doing childhood trauma healing, pacing is especially important.

Phase 3: Integration (rebuilding life and connection)

Here, you practice new patterns in real life: relationships, boundaries, work, parenting, intimacy, identity, purpose, and joy. Healing from long term trauma often includes learning what “safe” feels like and building a life that supports it.

Goals are usually a mix of symptom relief and life goals like trusting yourself, handling conflict, or feeling more present. Your culture, identity, and lived experience also matter. What feels safe, respectful, and effective can shape which trauma treatment options fit best.

Trauma Treatment Options: What Different Therapies Can Offer

There isn’t one “best” approach for everyone. Many trauma treatment options overlap, and good care often blends methods. What matters most is that you feel safe enough to be honest, move at a manageable pace, and build skills you can use outside sessions.

Talk therapy foundations: the base of most approaches

Even when a therapist uses a specific method, complex trauma therapy usually starts with the basics: building trust, noticing patterns maladaptive coping skills, and practicing new ways to cope. This groundwork can make later trauma work safer and more effective.

Skills-focused therapies for stabilization and daily coping

• DBT skills (Dialectical Behavior Therapy): Teaches emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills. Many people find DBT helpful early in CPTSD treatment, especially if they feel overwhelmed, impulsive, or stuck in crisis cycles.
• CBT tools (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy): Helps you spot unhelpful thought loops and behaviors and replace them with more balanced options. CBT can be useful for anxiety, avoidance, and depression symptoms that often come with long term trauma.

Trauma-focused therapies that work directly with memories and triggers

• EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing): Uses guided attention (often side-to-side eye movements or tapping) to help the brain “re-file” traumatic memories so they feel less present and intense.
• Exposure-based therapies (like Prolonged Exposure): Helps you face trauma reminders in a planned, supported way so your fear response can gradually calm down. This isn’t right for everyone at every stage, especially if dissociation is strong or life is still unsafe.
• Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT): Focuses on trauma-related beliefs (like “It was my fault” or “No one can be trusted”) and helps you build a more accurate, less shame-based meaning.

Parts-based approaches to reducing inner conflict and shame

Internal Family Systems (IFS), often called “parts work,” helps you understand different sides of you (like a protector that stays numb, or a part that panics) as strategies that once helped you survive. This can support childhood trauma healing by replacing self-blame with curiosity and choice.

Body-based approaches to support with nervous system regulation

Somatic therapies focus on body signals such as your breath, muscle tension, posture, shaking, or numbness to help your nervous system settle. For many people, this is a key part of Complex Trauma Therapy because trauma can live in the body, not just in memories.

Group therapy, peer support, and medication

Groups can reduce isolation and help you practice safer connection. Medication may support sleep, anxiety, or depression; it isn’t a cure, but it can make therapy more doable.

How to choose and what matters for complex trauma

Your symptoms, preferences, access, and the therapist’s training all matter. It’s okay to start with skills before doing memory work. With complex trauma therapy, pacing, consent, collaboration, and careful attention to dissociation are especially important. Going slower can actually help you go farther.

Timelines and Milestones: How Long Does Complex Trauma Therapy Take?

There’s no single timeline for healing. Progress in Complex Trauma Therapy can depend on current safety, your support system, co-occurring depression/anxiety/substance use, physical health, life stress, and how quickly (or slowly) you and your therapist choose to pace the work. The timeframes below are common estimates people report, not guarantees, and slower, non-linear progress can still be real progress.

Timelines also vary based on the severity and duration of trauma, especially with long term trauma and patterns that began early. For many people doing childhood trauma healing, therapy may include extra time for building trust, learning skills, and gently working with attachment wounds.

• Weeks to a few months (often reported): Some people may notice better coping tools, fewer crises, improved sleep routines, and a clearer understanding of triggers and warning signs.
• Over months (often cited as roughly 3-12 months, but varies widely): Mid-term changes may begin to show up, like steadier emotions, less avoidance, improved relationships, and more confidence setting boundaries.
• 1-2+ years for some: Longer-term work in CPTSD treatment may include deeper identity repair, grief work, changing long-held beliefs (“I’m unsafe,” “It’s my fault”), and building a life that feels meaningful.

Milestones can matter more than the calendar. Signs of progress may include reduced dissociation such feeling less “checked out”, quicker recovery after triggers, less self-blame, and more self-advocacy.

Setbacks are common but not inevitable. Stress, illness, or major life changes can reactivate symptoms; that can be information, not failure. If your functioning drops, it may help to slow down, increase support, or revisit stabilization skills.

Frequency can shape the pace. Weekly sessions often help build momentum.  Biweekly may work for maintenance once you’re steadier. Intensive programs can speed skill-building for some people. If you pause and return, it’s normal to review safety and coping first before diving back into deeper work or other trauma treatment options.

What to Expect in Sessions and Between Them: A Practical Guide

The first few sessions of Complex Trauma Therapy are usually about getting oriented, not sharing every painful detail. You and your therapist may talk about your history at your pace, what symptoms you’re dealing with now, and what you want from therapy. You can also ask about boundaries, confidentiality basics such as what stays private and the few safety-related exceptions as well as the therapist’s approach.

A key part of complex trauma therapy is consent and control. You can say no, slow down, take a break, or change topics. Therapy should feel collaborative and more like making a plan together rather than someone “doing therapy to you.”

Many sessions follow a simple rhythm:

• Check-in: what’s been hardest, what’s improved, and what you want to focus on today.
• Skill practice: tools for calming your body and mind before deeper work.
• Gentle exploration: looking at triggers, beliefs, or memories in manageable pieces.
• Plan for the week: small, realistic steps and what to do if you get activated.
• Grounding before you leave: making sure you feel present enough to drive, work, or parent.

Between sessions, some people notice a temporary increase in symptoms when starting trauma work while others don’t. You may feel tired, have vivid dreams, feel irritable, or have an emotional release. This can be common especially during CPTSD treatment that includes memory work. If you notice sharp symptom spikes, increased dissociation, trouble functioning at work/home, or feeling unsafe, that’s a good reason to slow down and contact your therapist promptly or local resources like 988 if it is an emergency.

• Grounding with the five senses: name 5 things you see, 4 you feel, 3 you hear, 2 you smell, 1 you taste.
• Paced breathing: inhale 4 seconds, exhale 6 seconds for 2-3 minutes.
• Orienting to the room: slowly look around and remind yourself, “I’m here, it’s now, I’m safe enough in this moment.”
• Self-soothing routines: warm shower, tea, weighted blanket, calming music–repeatable cues of safety.
• Journaling prompts: “What set me off?” “What do I need?” “What would I say to a friend?”
• “Name the trigger” practice: label it (“raised voice,” “being ignored”) to reduce shame and increase choice.

Build a support plan alongside therapy looks like being in contact with one or two trusted people, having access to crisis lines, community resources, and steps in place to reduce isolation. Lifestyle supports such as sleep basics, gentle movement, steady meals, limiting alcohol/drugs, and time in nature can make trauma treatment options work better if applicable especially in childhood trauma healing and other forms of long term trauma.

Finding the Right Help and Moving Forward, One Step at a Time

Finding the right fit for Complex Trauma Therapy can take time, and that’s okay. Look for a therapist who has training in trauma work and real experience with CPTSD treatment, not just general stress or anxiety. It can also help if they’re comfortable talking about dissociation and attachment. Most of all, notice how you feel with them. It is important to feel respected, not rushed, and able to say “no” or “not yet” in therapy and with your therapist.

Questions to ask in a first consult

• What is your approach to complex trauma therapy and long term trauma?
• How do you decide when to focus on coping skills versus trauma processing?
• How do you handle pacing if I get overwhelmed or dissociate?
• What does a typical session look like (structure, homework, check-ins)?
• How do we measure progress in a way that feels realistic?
• What’s your plan for crises between sessions (safety planning, messaging, referrals)?

If access is hard right now

Trauma treatment options aren’t limited to private weekly therapy. You might find support through community mental health clinics, teletherapy, sliding-scale practices, employee assistance programs (EAPs), group programs, or skills classes (like DBT groups). If you’re on a waitlist, self-help books, reputable online courses, and peer support groups can help you practice skills while you wait.

If therapy isn’t available, small steps still matter. Build a simple daily routine, practice grounding, set one boundary that protects your energy, and connect with safe people. Many symptoms are survival strategies that made sense during childhood trauma healing and other painful chapters. Your system learned to cope the best way it could.

Healing is possible, but it’s rarely instant. The goal is often more safety, more choice, more connection over time and not perfection. If you feel unsafe or might harm yourself, seek urgent help right away by call 988 in the U.S., going to the ER, or contact local emergency services.

When Relationship Doubts Don’t Let Up

Most people question their relationship sometimes. You might wonder if you’re truly compatible, whether your future goals line up, or if the spark feels different after a fight or a stressful week. It’s also normal to ask yourself, “Am I still attracted?” or “Are we handling conflict in a healthy way?” These questions can feel unsettling, but they usually come and go. Often, you can talk them through, reflect a bit, and keep moving.

For some people, though, doubt doesn’t feel like a passing question. It feels constant, urgent, and impossible to “solve.” You might get stuck replaying conversations, scanning your feelings for proof, or treating every moment of boredom or irritation as a sign that something is terribly wrong. Instead of helping you make a thoughtful decision, the doubt starts to take over.

That pattern can be described as Relationship Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (ROCD). Put simply, it involves obsessive thoughts about the relationship, your partner, or your feelings plus compulsive behaviors meant to bring anxiety down. Compulsions can include mental checking such as, “Do I feel love right now?”, comparing your partner to other people, repeatedly asking friends for reassurance, or searching online for the “right” answer.

Emotionally, it can feel like fear and guilt mixed with pressure to be 100% certain. You may feel stuck between “I need to know” and “I can’t know for sure.” Being aware of these maladaptive thought patterns is the first step towards change. The second is being able to identify helpful ways to adapt and cope. 

What Relationship OCD Can Look Like Day to Day

With relationship OCD, the relationship often isn’t the main issue, the constant need to feel certain is. The same questions can loop in your mind even when things are going well. Common thoughts might sound like: “What if I don’t really love them?” “What if they’re not the one?” “What if I’m settling?” or “What if I’m lying to myself?” These thoughts can hit hard and feel impossible to brush off.

Some people get stuck on partner-focused doubts. You may fixate on a partner’s flaws such as their appearance, personality traits, habits, the way they laugh, or how they text. These thoughts may then shift into trying to understand what their “flaws” mean. A small annoyance can start to feel like evidence you’re making a huge mistake.

Others have self-focused doubts. You might worry you’re a bad partner, that you’re leading someone on, or that choosing this relationship means choosing the “wrong” life. Even kind moments can trigger guilt. 

To calm the anxiety, people often fall into compulsions–actions meant to get relief, even if it only lasts a short time.

• Overt compulsions: asking friends or family what they think, repeatedly discussing the relationship, googling “signs” you’re in love, comparing your relationship to other couples.
• Covert (mental) compulsions: replaying conversations, scanning your feelings during dates or sex, “testing” attraction, trying to prove you feel 100% sure.

This can show up at many stages. In the early dating stage, moving in, engagement, after conflict, postpartum, or during long-distance. Big changes and stress can raise the stakes and the urge to check, analyze, and reassure yourself can get even louder.

The Doubt-Checking-Reassurance Cycle and Why It Grows

In relationship OCD, one of the toughest parts is the loop that keeps feeding itself. It can look like this:

• Intrusive doubt: “What if I don’t really love them?” “What if we’re not right?”
• Anxiety: Your body reacts like there’s an emergency to solve.
• Checking or reassurance: You try to get certainty fast.
• Doubt returns stronger: Your brain learns, “We escaped danger by checking,” so it demands more checking next time.

Reassurance often doesn’t also reduce anxiety because it teaches the brain to treat uncertainty as unsafe. Even if your partner says the perfect thing, your mind may fire back with: “But what if they’re just saying that?” or “What if I feel different tomorrow?” The relief fades, and the urge to neutralize doubt comes right back.

Checking can be obvious or subtle. You might monitor whether you feel “butterflies,” rate your attraction throughout the day, test yourself by looking at photos, reread old texts to see if you sounded happier, or track your partner’s tone for signs something is wrong.

Reassurance can also turn into asking your partner, “Do you love me?”, “Are we okay?”,  or “Do you think we’re compatible?”. You may find yourself needing to hear the answer again and again, even if you asked yesterday.

Avoidance often joins the cycle, too. You might pull away, delay commitment, avoid intimacy, or stop talking about the future to reduce anxiety in the moment.

Over time, this can strain the relationship with more tension, less presence, more arguments about certainty, and a partner who feels interrogated, mistrusted, or rejected.

Is It OCD or a Real Relationship Problem?

It can be hard to tell the difference between normal relationship concerns and anxiety-driven doubt. With relationship OCD, the main concern often feels like uncertainty itself. 

• Signs that doubt may be OCD-driven: The same questions loop for hours or days. You feel a strong need to be 100% sure. You do compulsive checking (i.e., testing attraction, replaying conversations, comparing, googling, asking for reassurance). Relief may fade quickly and you start ignoring your values just to feel certain.

At the same time, some concerns deserve direct attention because they involve safety, respect, or basic trust.

• Signs a concern may need problem-solving or support to leave:
  • Ongoing disrespect or humiliation.
  • Coercion or control.
  • Emotional or physical abuse. 
  • Repeated boundary violations
  • Untreated addiction that keeps harming the relationship
  • Any safety issues for you, children, or pets.

Both can be true where a relationship can have real, fixable issues while OCD amplifies uncertainty and urgency. Instead of asking, “Am I completely sure this is right?” try values-based questions like, “Is this relationship generally safe and respectful?”, “Can we work on problems in a steady way?” and “Do my needs and boundaries matter here?”

A simple filter can help. Work to address clear, concrete problems (i.e., make a plan, set a boundary, get help). And when you notice uncertainty-seeking (i.e., endless analyzing, checking, reassurance), treat it as a symptom to respond to differently. Pause, name the urge, and choose your next step based on safety and values, not perfect certainty.

Why Your Brain Gets Stuck on Certainty About Love

Intrusive thoughts are unwanted thoughts, images, or questions that pop into your mind. In relationship OCD, they often sound like: “What if I don’t love them?” “What if I’m settling?” or “What if I’m lying to them?” The key thing to know is this, having an intrusive thought doesn’t mean it’s true, important, or a sign you should act on it. It’s more like mental noise that tends to show up at the worst times.

Relationships are also a common OCD theme because they can feel high-stakes. Love can impact your identity, your future, your family, and your sense of morality.  When something matters this much, uncertainty can feel threatening.

Your brain can misread doubt as danger or as a “false alarm.” Instead of treating uncertainty as normal, it sends out anxiety and demands an immediate answer. That pressure can lead to checking your feelings, analyzing every interaction, or seeking reassurance, even though certainty never lasts.

• Perfectionism: Believing you must feel sure and happy all the time. 
• Fear of regret: “If I choose wrong, I’ll ruin my life”. 
• Intolerance of uncertainty: Feeling like “maybe” is unbearable.
• High responsibility: “I must never disappoint or hurt my partner”. 

Social media and romantic myths can add fuel to the idea of “the one,” constant passion, never doubting, and always feeling 100% certain. Real relationships are messier than that, and doubt by itself isn’t proof of anything.

When relationship OCD shows up, it can feel like an urgent relationship problem that must be solved right now. It may help to name it more accurately like,  “This is an OCD-style doubt loop.” Even that small shift can create a bit of space between you and the spiral.

Practice allowing uncertainty without arguing with it

Instead of trying to prove the thought wrong, practice making room for not knowing. You can use a simple phrase like: “Maybe, maybe not.” Then gently bring your attention back to what you’re doing in the present moment with engaging your sense and practicing deep breathing techniques. The goal isn’t to feel certain, it’s to stop treating uncertainty like an emergency.

Reduce reassurance-seeking (with a kind limit)

Repeated “Are we okay?” questions can become a compulsion. Consider a gentle rule of having one planned relationship check-in per week for topics like plans, needs, or conflict repair. Outside of that, if the urge hits, try repeating back an affirmation like, “I’m having an anxiety spike. I’m going to sit with it instead of asking again.”

Delay and shorten checking

If you start mentally reviewing every detail, postpone the review by 10 minutes. Write a quick note like “urge to review–7:40 p.m.” and return to your day. Often, the urge will naturally fade or become less intense. If it persists, set aside five to ten minutes to revisit the thought or concern. Keep this time brief and intentional to help prevent the thought from escalating into a cycle of rumination.

Stop “feeling tests” and choose a values-based action

Noticing yourself scanning for attraction or love can be common in ROCD. Instead of testing, do one small action aligned with your values:

• Kindness:  Send a supportive text
• Honesty: Say you’re stressed without asking for reassurance,
• Connection: Suggest a shared activity. 

Make a trigger plan

• After conflict: Pause, hydrate, and wait 24 hours before big decisions.
• Before dates: Expect doubt and practice grounding skills (i.e., music, taking five deep breaths, progressive muscle relaxation).
• During intimacy: Focus on sensations and closeness, not “Am I feeling enough?”. 
• Seeing “perfect couples” online: Label it as a trigger and log off for 10 minutes.

How to talk to your partner without making them your reassurance system

You might say,”Sometimes I get stuck in a doubt loop and want to ask for reassurance. It helps me most if you don’t answer the same question repeatedly. Can you support me by reminding me to use my tools, or by doing something grounding with me–like a walk–without trying to prove we’re okay?”

When to Get Professional Help and What Treatment Often Looks Like

If you’re dealing with relationship OCD, getting support isn’t a sign your relationship is “doomed.” It’s a sign you’re tired of living in a loop. Consider professional help if you notice any of these:

• You lose hours to rumination on most days.
• Anxiety affects sleep, focus, work, or appetite.
• Your relationship feels strained by checking, questioning, or repeated “talks.”
• You avoid commitment or intimacy to prevent doubt or you feel trapped and panicky.
• You keep trying to get certainty, but nothing ever feels like “enough.”

One common approach is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for OCD (a skills-based therapy). A key part of it is exposure and responsive prevention (ERP). It means gradually facing uncertainty while resisting compulsions. For relationship OCD, ERP might include practicing not checking your feelings, letting “maybe” thoughts be there without arguing, and cutting down reassurance rituals. 

Some people also benefit from medication like SSRIs. Please consult with a doctor or psychiatrist before beginning the medications. 

When looking for help, you can ask your provider questions such as, “Do you treat OCD?” “Do you use ERP?” “Have you worked with relationship themes?” If you’re in couples therapy, it often works best when it supports limits around reassurance and focuses on communication and values–not chasing 100% certainty.

Moving Forward Without Needing Perfect Certainty

The goal with relationship OCD isn’t to erase doubt forever. It’s to change how you respond when doubt shows up. Each time you resist one compulsion, you teach your brain that uncertainty is uncomfortable but safe. Over time, that can build real confidence and more calm.

Instead of turning your relationship into a test you must pass, try coming back to your values. Show up with honesty, kindness, and respect even when your feelings feel loud or confusing. Intrusive doubts don’t automatically mean you don’t love your partner, and they don’t automatically mean your relationship is over.

• Pick one tool to practice this week.
• If you feel stuck, consider OCD-informed therapy. 
• Always prioritize safety and respect in any relationship.

Related reading

• Relationship obsessive compulsive disorder (ROCD): A conceptual framework (2014) — Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.12.005
• Assessment and Treatment of Relationship‐Related OCD Symptoms (ROCD) (2017) — The Wiley Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118890233.ch30
• Maladaptive beliefs in relationship obsessive compulsive disorder (ROCD): Replication and extension in a clinical sample (2018) — Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.06.005
• The role of reassurance seeking in obsessive compulsive disorder: the associations between reassurance seeking, dysfunctional beliefs, negative emotions, and obsessive- compulsive symptoms (2020) — BMC Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02766-y
• Excessive reassurance seeking versus compulsive checking in OCD: Comparing implicit motivators and mechanisms (2022) — Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101720